From 726cebd3fb67d65ec6d2d49fa6bfba4c053085df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: AlexeyAB <alexeyab84@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 02 Apr 2018 12:02:53 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Fixed detector recall

---
 src/yolo_console_dll.cpp |  414 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 files changed, 372 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/yolo_console_dll.cpp b/src/yolo_console_dll.cpp
index cada95e..cb0b063 100644
--- a/src/yolo_console_dll.cpp
+++ b/src/yolo_console_dll.cpp
@@ -2,11 +2,20 @@
 #include <iomanip> 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
+#include <queue>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <thread>
 #include <atomic>
+#include <mutex>              // std::mutex, std::unique_lock
+#include <condition_variable> // std::condition_variable
 
+#ifdef _WIN32
 #define OPENCV
+#define GPU
+#endif
+
+// To use tracking - uncomment the following line. Tracking is supported only by OpenCV 3.x
+//#define TRACK_OPTFLOW
 
 #include "yolo_v2_class.hpp"	// imported functions from DLL
 
@@ -15,36 +24,184 @@
 #include "opencv2/core/version.hpp"
 #ifndef CV_VERSION_EPOCH
 #include "opencv2/videoio/videoio.hpp"
-#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_world320.lib")  
+#define OPENCV_VERSION CVAUX_STR(CV_VERSION_MAJOR)""CVAUX_STR(CV_VERSION_MINOR)""CVAUX_STR(CV_VERSION_REVISION)
+#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_world" OPENCV_VERSION ".lib")
+#ifdef TRACK_OPTFLOW
+#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_cudaoptflow" OPENCV_VERSION ".lib")
+#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_cudaimgproc" OPENCV_VERSION ".lib")
+#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_core" OPENCV_VERSION ".lib")
+#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_imgproc" OPENCV_VERSION ".lib")
+#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_highgui" OPENCV_VERSION ".lib")
+#endif	// TRACK_OPTFLOW
 #else
-#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_core2413.lib")  
-#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_imgproc2413.lib")  
-#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_highgui2413.lib") 
-#endif
+#define OPENCV_VERSION CVAUX_STR(CV_VERSION_EPOCH)""CVAUX_STR(CV_VERSION_MAJOR)""CVAUX_STR(CV_VERSION_MINOR)
+#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_core" OPENCV_VERSION ".lib")
+#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_imgproc" OPENCV_VERSION ".lib")
+#pragma comment(lib, "opencv_highgui" OPENCV_VERSION ".lib")
+#endif	// CV_VERSION_EPOCH
+
+class track_kalman {
+public:
+	cv::KalmanFilter kf;
+	int state_size, meas_size, contr_size;
 
 
-void draw_boxes(cv::Mat mat_img, std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec, std::vector<std::string> obj_names, unsigned int wait_msec = 0) {
+	track_kalman(int _state_size = 10, int _meas_size = 10, int _contr_size = 0)
+		: state_size(_state_size), meas_size(_meas_size), contr_size(_contr_size)
+	{
+		kf.init(state_size, meas_size, contr_size, CV_32F);
+
+		cv::setIdentity(kf.measurementMatrix);
+		cv::setIdentity(kf.measurementNoiseCov, cv::Scalar::all(1e-1));
+		cv::setIdentity(kf.processNoiseCov, cv::Scalar::all(1e-5));
+		cv::setIdentity(kf.errorCovPost, cv::Scalar::all(1e-2));
+		cv::setIdentity(kf.transitionMatrix);
+	}
+
+	void set(std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec) {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < result_vec.size() && i < state_size*2; ++i) {
+			kf.statePost.at<float>(i * 2 + 0) = result_vec[i].x;
+			kf.statePost.at<float>(i * 2 + 1) = result_vec[i].y;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Kalman.correct() calculates: statePost = statePre + gain * (z(k)-measurementMatrix*statePre);
+	// corrected state (x(k)): x(k)=x'(k)+K(k)*(z(k)-H*x'(k))
+	std::vector<bbox_t> correct(std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec) {
+		cv::Mat measurement(meas_size, 1, CV_32F);
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < result_vec.size() && i < meas_size * 2; ++i) {
+			measurement.at<float>(i * 2 + 0) = result_vec[i].x;
+			measurement.at<float>(i * 2 + 1) = result_vec[i].y;
+		}
+		cv::Mat estimated = kf.correct(measurement);
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < result_vec.size() && i < meas_size * 2; ++i) {
+			result_vec[i].x = estimated.at<float>(i * 2 + 0);
+			result_vec[i].y = estimated.at<float>(i * 2 + 1);
+		}
+		return result_vec;
+	}
+
+	// Kalman.predict() calculates: statePre = TransitionMatrix * statePost;
+	// predicted state (x'(k)): x(k)=A*x(k-1)+B*u(k)
+	std::vector<bbox_t> predict() {
+		std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec;
+		cv::Mat control;
+		cv::Mat prediction = kf.predict(control);
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < prediction.rows && i < state_size * 2; ++i) {
+			result_vec[i].x = prediction.at<float>(i * 2 + 0);
+			result_vec[i].y = prediction.at<float>(i * 2 + 1);
+		}
+		return result_vec;
+	}
+
+};
+
+
+
+
+class extrapolate_coords_t {
+public:
+	std::vector<bbox_t> old_result_vec;
+	std::vector<float> dx_vec, dy_vec, time_vec;
+	std::vector<float> old_dx_vec, old_dy_vec;
+
+	void new_result(std::vector<bbox_t> new_result_vec, float new_time) {
+		old_dx_vec = dx_vec;
+		old_dy_vec = dy_vec;
+		if (old_dx_vec.size() != old_result_vec.size()) std::cout << "old_dx != old_res \n";
+		dx_vec = std::vector<float>(new_result_vec.size(), 0);
+		dy_vec = std::vector<float>(new_result_vec.size(), 0);
+		update_result(new_result_vec, new_time, false);
+		old_result_vec = new_result_vec;
+		time_vec = std::vector<float>(new_result_vec.size(), new_time);
+	}
+
+	void update_result(std::vector<bbox_t> new_result_vec, float new_time, bool update = true) {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < new_result_vec.size(); ++i) {
+			for (size_t k = 0; k < old_result_vec.size(); ++k) {
+				if (old_result_vec[k].track_id == new_result_vec[i].track_id && old_result_vec[k].obj_id == new_result_vec[i].obj_id) {
+					float const delta_time = new_time - time_vec[k];
+					if (abs(delta_time) < 1) break;
+					size_t index = (update) ? k : i;
+					float dx = ((float)new_result_vec[i].x - (float)old_result_vec[k].x) / delta_time;
+					float dy = ((float)new_result_vec[i].y - (float)old_result_vec[k].y) / delta_time;
+					float old_dx = dx, old_dy = dy;
+
+					// if it's shaking
+					if (update) {
+						if (dx * dx_vec[i] < 0) dx = dx / 2;
+						if (dy * dy_vec[i] < 0) dy = dy / 2;
+					} else {
+						if (dx * old_dx_vec[k] < 0) dx = dx / 2;
+						if (dy * old_dy_vec[k] < 0) dy = dy / 2;
+					}
+					dx_vec[index] = dx;
+					dy_vec[index] = dy;
+
+					//if (old_dx == dx && old_dy == dy) std::cout << "not shakin \n";
+					//else std::cout << "shakin \n";
+
+					if (dx_vec[index] > 1000 || dy_vec[index] > 1000) {
+						//std::cout << "!!! bad dx or dy, dx = " << dx_vec[index] << ", dy = " << dy_vec[index] << 
+						//	", delta_time = " << delta_time << ", update = " << update << std::endl;
+						dx_vec[index] = 0;
+						dy_vec[index] = 0;						
+					}
+					old_result_vec[k].x = new_result_vec[i].x;
+					old_result_vec[k].y = new_result_vec[i].y;
+					time_vec[k] = new_time;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	std::vector<bbox_t> predict(float cur_time) {
+		std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec = old_result_vec;
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < old_result_vec.size(); ++i) {
+			float const delta_time = cur_time - time_vec[i];
+			auto &bbox = result_vec[i];
+			float new_x = (float) bbox.x + dx_vec[i] * delta_time;
+			float new_y = (float) bbox.y + dy_vec[i] * delta_time;
+			if (new_x > 0) bbox.x = new_x;
+			else bbox.x = 0;
+			if (new_y > 0) bbox.y = new_y;
+			else bbox.y = 0;
+		}
+		return result_vec;
+	}
+
+};
+
+
+void draw_boxes(cv::Mat mat_img, std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec, std::vector<std::string> obj_names, 
+	int current_det_fps = -1, int current_cap_fps = -1)
+{
+	int const colors[6][3] = { { 1,0,1 },{ 0,0,1 },{ 0,1,1 },{ 0,1,0 },{ 1,1,0 },{ 1,0,0 } };
+
 	for (auto &i : result_vec) {
-		cv::Scalar color(60, 160, 260);
-		cv::rectangle(mat_img, cv::Rect(i.x, i.y, i.w, i.h), color, 5);
+		cv::Scalar color = obj_id_to_color(i.obj_id);
+		cv::rectangle(mat_img, cv::Rect(i.x, i.y, i.w, i.h), color, 2);
 		if (obj_names.size() > i.obj_id) {
 			std::string obj_name = obj_names[i.obj_id];
 			if (i.track_id > 0) obj_name += " - " + std::to_string(i.track_id);
 			cv::Size const text_size = getTextSize(obj_name, cv::FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX_SMALL, 1.2, 2, 0);
 			int const max_width = (text_size.width > i.w + 2) ? text_size.width : (i.w + 2);
-			cv::rectangle(mat_img, cv::Point2f(std::max((int)i.x - 3, 0), std::max((int)i.y - 30, 0)), 
+			cv::rectangle(mat_img, cv::Point2f(std::max((int)i.x - 1, 0), std::max((int)i.y - 30, 0)), 
 				cv::Point2f(std::min((int)i.x + max_width, mat_img.cols-1), std::min((int)i.y, mat_img.rows-1)), 
 				color, CV_FILLED, 8, 0);
 			putText(mat_img, obj_name, cv::Point2f(i.x, i.y - 10), cv::FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX_SMALL, 1.2, cv::Scalar(0, 0, 0), 2);
 		}
 	}
-	cv::imshow("window name", mat_img);
-	cv::waitKey(wait_msec);
+	if (current_det_fps >= 0 && current_cap_fps >= 0) {
+		std::string fps_str = "FPS detection: " + std::to_string(current_det_fps) + "   FPS capture: " + std::to_string(current_cap_fps);
+		putText(mat_img, fps_str, cv::Point2f(10, 20), cv::FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX_SMALL, 1.2, cv::Scalar(50, 255, 0), 2);
+	}
 }
 #endif	// OPENCV
 
 
-void show_result(std::vector<bbox_t> const result_vec, std::vector<std::string> const obj_names) {
+void show_console_result(std::vector<bbox_t> const result_vec, std::vector<std::string> const obj_names) {
 	for (auto &i : result_vec) {
 		if (obj_names.size() > i.obj_id) std::cout << obj_names[i.obj_id] << " - ";
 		std::cout << "obj_id = " << i.obj_id << ",  x = " << i.x << ", y = " << i.y 
@@ -57,54 +214,224 @@
 	std::ifstream file(filename);
 	std::vector<std::string> file_lines;
 	if (!file.is_open()) return file_lines;
-	for(std::string line; file >> line;) file_lines.push_back(line);
+	for(std::string line; getline(file, line);) file_lines.push_back(line);
 	std::cout << "object names loaded \n";
 	return file_lines;
 }
 
 
-int main() 
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-	Detector detector("yolo-voc.cfg", "yolo-voc.weights");
+	std::string  names_file = "data/voc.names";
+	std::string  cfg_file = "cfg/yolo-voc.cfg";
+	std::string  weights_file = "yolo-voc.weights";
+	std::string filename;
 
-	auto obj_names = objects_names_from_file("data/voc.names");
+	if (argc > 4) {	//voc.names yolo-voc.cfg yolo-voc.weights test.mp4		
+		names_file = argv[1];
+		cfg_file = argv[2];
+		weights_file = argv[3];
+		filename = argv[4];
+	}
+	else if (argc > 1) filename = argv[1];
+
+	float const thresh = (argc > 5) ? std::stof(argv[5]) : 0.20;
+
+	Detector detector(cfg_file, weights_file);
+
+	auto obj_names = objects_names_from_file(names_file);
+	std::string out_videofile = "result.avi";
+	bool const save_output_videofile = true;
+#ifdef TRACK_OPTFLOW
+	Tracker_optflow tracker_flow;
+	detector.wait_stream = true;
+#endif
 
 	while (true) 
-	{
-		std::string filename;
+	{		
 		std::cout << "input image or video filename: ";
-		std::cin >> filename;
+		if(filename.size() == 0) std::cin >> filename;
 		if (filename.size() == 0) break;
 		
 		try {
 #ifdef OPENCV
+			extrapolate_coords_t extrapolate_coords;
+			bool extrapolate_flag = false;
+			float cur_time_extrapolate = 0, old_time_extrapolate = 0;
+			preview_boxes_t large_preview(100, 150, false), small_preview(50, 50, true);
+			bool show_small_boxes = false;
+
 			std::string const file_ext = filename.substr(filename.find_last_of(".") + 1);
-			std::string const protocol = filename.substr(0, 4);
+			std::string const protocol = filename.substr(0, 7);
 			if (file_ext == "avi" || file_ext == "mp4" || file_ext == "mjpg" || file_ext == "mov" || 	// video file
-				protocol == "rtsp" || protocol == "http")	// video network stream
+				protocol == "rtmp://" || protocol == "rtsp://" || protocol == "http://" || protocol == "https:/")	// video network stream
 			{
-				cv::Mat frame, prev_frame, det_frame;
+				cv::Mat cap_frame, cur_frame, det_frame, write_frame;
+				std::queue<cv::Mat> track_optflow_queue;
+				int passed_flow_frames = 0;
+				std::shared_ptr<image_t> det_image;
 				std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec, thread_result_vec;
 				detector.nms = 0.02;	// comment it - if track_id is not required
-				std::thread td([]() {});
-				std::atomic<int> ready_flag;
-				ready_flag = false;
-				cv::VideoCapture cap(filename);
-				for (; cap >> frame, cap.isOpened();) {
-					td.join();
-					result_vec = thread_result_vec;
-					det_frame = frame;
-					td = std::thread([&]() { thread_result_vec = detector.detect(det_frame, 0.2, true); ready_flag = true; });
+				std::atomic<bool> consumed, videowrite_ready;
+				consumed = true;
+				videowrite_ready = true;
+				std::atomic<int> fps_det_counter, fps_cap_counter;
+				fps_det_counter = 0;
+				fps_cap_counter = 0;
+				int current_det_fps = 0, current_cap_fps = 0;
+				std::thread t_detect, t_cap, t_videowrite;
+				std::mutex mtx;
+				std::condition_variable cv_detected, cv_pre_tracked;
+				std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point steady_start, steady_end;
+				cv::VideoCapture cap(filename); cap >> cur_frame;
+				int const video_fps = cap.get(CV_CAP_PROP_FPS);
+				cv::Size const frame_size = cur_frame.size();
+				cv::VideoWriter output_video;
+				if (save_output_videofile)
+					output_video.open(out_videofile, CV_FOURCC('D', 'I', 'V', 'X'), std::max(35, video_fps), frame_size, true);
 
-					if (!prev_frame.empty()) {
-						result_vec = detector.tracking(result_vec);	// comment it - if track_id is not required
-						draw_boxes(prev_frame, result_vec, obj_names, 3);
-						show_result(result_vec, obj_names);
+				while (!cur_frame.empty()) 
+				{
+					// always sync
+					if (t_cap.joinable()) {
+						t_cap.join();
+						++fps_cap_counter;
+						cur_frame = cap_frame.clone();
 					}
-					prev_frame = frame;
-					//if (protocol == "rtsp" || protocol == "http") do { cap.grab(); } while (!ready_flag);	// use if cam-fps 2x or more than dnn-fps
-					ready_flag = false;
+					t_cap = std::thread([&]() { cap >> cap_frame; });
+					++cur_time_extrapolate;
+
+					// swap result bouned-boxes and input-frame
+					if(consumed)
+					{
+						std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
+						det_image = detector.mat_to_image_resize(cur_frame);
+						auto old_result_vec = detector.tracking_id(result_vec);
+						auto detected_result_vec = thread_result_vec;
+						result_vec = detected_result_vec;
+#ifdef TRACK_OPTFLOW
+						// track optical flow
+						if (track_optflow_queue.size() > 0) {
+							//std::cout << "\n !!!! all = " << track_optflow_queue.size() << ", cur = " << passed_flow_frames << std::endl;
+							cv::Mat first_frame = track_optflow_queue.front();
+							tracker_flow.update_tracking_flow(track_optflow_queue.front(), result_vec);
+
+							while (track_optflow_queue.size() > 1) {
+								track_optflow_queue.pop();
+								result_vec = tracker_flow.tracking_flow(track_optflow_queue.front(), true);
+							}
+							track_optflow_queue.pop();
+							passed_flow_frames = 0;
+
+							result_vec = detector.tracking_id(result_vec);
+							auto tmp_result_vec = detector.tracking_id(detected_result_vec, false);
+							small_preview.set(first_frame, tmp_result_vec);
+
+							extrapolate_coords.new_result(tmp_result_vec, old_time_extrapolate);
+							old_time_extrapolate = cur_time_extrapolate;
+							extrapolate_coords.update_result(result_vec, cur_time_extrapolate - 1);
+						}
+#else
+						result_vec = detector.tracking_id(result_vec);	// comment it - if track_id is not required					
+						extrapolate_coords.new_result(result_vec, cur_time_extrapolate - 1);
+#endif
+						// add old tracked objects
+						for (auto &i : old_result_vec) {
+							auto it = std::find_if(result_vec.begin(), result_vec.end(),
+								[&i](bbox_t const& b) { return b.track_id == i.track_id && b.obj_id == i.obj_id; });
+							bool track_id_absent = (it == result_vec.end());
+							if (track_id_absent) {
+								if (i.frames_counter-- > 1)
+									result_vec.push_back(i);
+							}
+							else {
+								it->frames_counter = std::min((unsigned)3, i.frames_counter + 1);
+							}
+						}
+#ifdef TRACK_OPTFLOW
+						tracker_flow.update_cur_bbox_vec(result_vec);
+						result_vec = tracker_flow.tracking_flow(cur_frame, true);	// track optical flow
+#endif
+						consumed = false;
+						cv_pre_tracked.notify_all();
+					}
+					// launch thread once - Detection
+					if (!t_detect.joinable()) {
+						t_detect = std::thread([&]() {
+							auto current_image = det_image;
+							consumed = true;
+							while (current_image.use_count() > 0) {
+								auto result = detector.detect_resized(*current_image, frame_size.width, frame_size.height, 
+									thresh, false);	// true
+								++fps_det_counter;
+								std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
+								thread_result_vec = result;
+								consumed = true;
+								cv_detected.notify_all();
+								if (detector.wait_stream) {
+									while (consumed) cv_pre_tracked.wait(lock);
+								}
+								current_image = det_image;
+							}
+						});
+					}
+					//while (!consumed);	// sync detection
+
+					if (!cur_frame.empty()) {
+						steady_end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+						if (std::chrono::duration<double>(steady_end - steady_start).count() >= 1) {
+							current_det_fps = fps_det_counter;
+							current_cap_fps = fps_cap_counter;
+							steady_start = steady_end;
+							fps_det_counter = 0;
+							fps_cap_counter = 0;
+						}
+
+						large_preview.set(cur_frame, result_vec);
+#ifdef TRACK_OPTFLOW
+						++passed_flow_frames;
+						track_optflow_queue.push(cur_frame.clone());
+						result_vec = tracker_flow.tracking_flow(cur_frame);	// track optical flow
+						extrapolate_coords.update_result(result_vec, cur_time_extrapolate);
+						small_preview.draw(cur_frame, show_small_boxes);
+#endif						
+						auto result_vec_draw = result_vec;
+						if (extrapolate_flag) {
+							result_vec_draw = extrapolate_coords.predict(cur_time_extrapolate);
+							cv::putText(cur_frame, "extrapolate", cv::Point2f(10, 40), cv::FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX_SMALL, 1.0, cv::Scalar(50, 50, 0), 2);
+						}
+						draw_boxes(cur_frame, result_vec_draw, obj_names, current_det_fps, current_cap_fps);
+						//show_console_result(result_vec, obj_names);
+						large_preview.draw(cur_frame);
+
+						cv::imshow("window name", cur_frame);
+						int key = cv::waitKey(3);	// 3 or 16ms
+						if (key == 'f') show_small_boxes = !show_small_boxes;
+						if (key == 'p') while (true) if(cv::waitKey(100) == 'p') break;
+						if (key == 'e') extrapolate_flag = !extrapolate_flag;
+
+						if (output_video.isOpened() && videowrite_ready) {
+							if (t_videowrite.joinable()) t_videowrite.join();
+							write_frame = cur_frame.clone();
+							videowrite_ready = false;
+							t_videowrite = std::thread([&]() { 
+								 output_video << write_frame; videowrite_ready = true;
+							});
+						}
+					}
+
+#ifndef TRACK_OPTFLOW
+					// wait detection result for video-file only (not for net-cam)
+					if (protocol != "rtsp://" && protocol != "http://" && protocol != "https:/") {
+						std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
+						while (!consumed) cv_detected.wait(lock);
+					}
+#endif
 				}
+				if (t_cap.joinable()) t_cap.join();
+				if (t_detect.joinable()) t_detect.join();
+				if (t_videowrite.joinable()) t_videowrite.join();
+				std::cout << "Video ended \n";
 			}
 			else if (file_ext == "txt") {	// list of image files
 				std::ifstream file(filename);
@@ -114,7 +441,7 @@
 						std::cout << line << std::endl;
 						cv::Mat mat_img = cv::imread(line);
 						std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec = detector.detect(mat_img);
-						show_result(result_vec, obj_names);
+						show_console_result(result_vec, obj_names);
 						//draw_boxes(mat_img, result_vec, obj_names);
 						//cv::imwrite("res_" + line, mat_img);
 					}
@@ -123,9 +450,11 @@
 			else {	// image file
 				cv::Mat mat_img = cv::imread(filename);
 				std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec = detector.detect(mat_img);
-				result_vec = detector.tracking(result_vec);	// comment it - if track_id is not required
+				result_vec = detector.tracking_id(result_vec);	// comment it - if track_id is not required
 				draw_boxes(mat_img, result_vec, obj_names);
-				show_result(result_vec, obj_names);
+				cv::imshow("window name", mat_img);
+				cv::waitKey(3);	// 3 or 16ms
+				show_console_result(result_vec, obj_names);
 			}
 #else
 			//std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec = detector.detect(filename);
@@ -133,11 +462,12 @@
 			auto img = detector.load_image(filename);
 			std::vector<bbox_t> result_vec = detector.detect(img);
 			detector.free_image(img);
-			show_result(result_vec, obj_names);
+			show_console_result(result_vec, obj_names);
 #endif			
 		}
 		catch (std::exception &e) { std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << "\n"; getchar(); }
 		catch (...) { std::cerr << "unknown exception \n"; getchar(); }
+		filename.clear();
 	}
 
 	return 0;

--
Gitblit v1.10.0